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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism.[3] Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other, nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen), respectively.

In cellular metabolism, NAD is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another, so it is found in two forms: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent, accepting electrons from other molecules and becoming reduced; with H+, this reaction forms NADH, which can be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. It is also used in other cellular processes, most notably as a substrate of enzymes in adding or removing chemical groups to or from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, also known as nicotine adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (abbreviated NAD+ in its oxidized form and NADH in its reduced form), is a coenzyme found in living cells and is composed of a dinucleotide, that is, by two nucleotides, linked through phosphate groups: one of them is an adenine base and the other, a nicotinamide. Its main function is the exchange of electrons and protons and the production of energy for all cells.[citation needed]

In metabolism, NAD+
It is involved in reduction-oxidation reactions, carrying electrons from one to another. Because of this, coenzyme is found in two forms: as an oxidizing agent, which accepts electrons from other molecules. Acting in this way results in the second form of the coenzyme, NADH, the reduced species of NAD+.
, and can be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. Electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD+
, which is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable being its performance as a substrate for enzymes that add or eliminate chemical groups from proteins in post-translational modifications. Due to the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD+ metabolism
They are targets for drug discovery.

In organisms, NAD+
It can be synthesized from simple biomolecules such as the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. Alternatively, more complete components of the coenzyme can be obtained from food, such as the vitamin called niacin. Likewise, similar compounds are known that come from reactions that decompose the structure of NAD+
. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back to the active form. Part of NAD+
It is also converted to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).
); The chemistry of these related coenzymes is similar to that of NAD+
, but it has different roles in metabolism.